Karl Marxs Influence on Sociology and Political Thought...

There can be no doubt over the wide-ranging influence of Karl Marx’s theories on sociology and political thought. His concept of communism overcoming the socioeconomic pitfalls of capitalism has not been a theory that has seen the light of day in the way that he may have hypothesised. There have been many throughout history that have misrepresented Marx’s writing, which begs the question, if pure communism in the original Marxist sense is at all possible given that humanity appears to have an innate ‘need’ for hierarchy and a thirst for power. Capitalism appears to satisfy the ‘need’ for power and acquisition above all else, and the evidence is seen in the growth of global wealth, which certainly does not amount to equal wealth. The†¦show more content†¦Marx rejected Hegel’s dialectics based on a movement of human thought and ideas, and argued that dialectics involved contradictions based on an economic system, otherwise known as dialectical materialism. Therefore, the dynamic for change eventually created by a process of dialectics lies in the conflict between two opposing factors (Lee and Newby 2000, pp. 114 - 119). Marx conceived the base and superstructure approach that defines capitalist society. The base relates to all that is a function of production in society and conversely, the superstructure, which can be said to be derived from the base, relates to the values, culture, ideology and the governing bodies of society. The former creates and supports the latter by a process of legitimisation of the economic activities, and in turn, the superstructure ensures the processes remain in place. Class domination plays a large part in this process of organisation; for example, private education providing better opportunities for advancement and primary socialisation into the higher echelons of society. However, a counter argument claims that the state is just as involved in the stresses and â€Å"struggles of civil society’’ as opposed to being a mere extension of it for the pure benefit of a particular class interest (Held 2001, in Hall and Gieben 2001, p 113). According to Marx, the act of production and means of organisation thereof, including the relationship between members of theShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx And Max Weber1324 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx and Max Weber were influential sociologists that paved the way for modern sociological school of thought. Both, Karl Marx and Max Weber contributed a lot to the study and foundation of sociology. Without their contributions sociology would not be as prominent as it is today. From the contribution of how sociology should be studied, to how they applied their theories to everyday life has influenced many sociologists. Predominantly, both of these theorists’ discussed the effects of capitalismRead More Karl Marx Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagesone renowned philosopher stands out amongst the crowd, and that person is named Karl Marx (1818-1883). In this essay I aim to explore and critically assess his ideas, theories, and studies in his contribution to sociology, and if his ideas, th eories and studies are useful to this contribution to sociology. Sociology began in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Western Europe. Around this time, the political and economic systems in Europe were changing. Things like the Monarchy, (whichRead MoreAnalysis of the Main Strengths and Weaknesses of Marx’s Sociological Thought1676 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of the Main Strengths and Weaknesses of Marx’s Sociological Thought â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles† Marx and Engels (1967, p.67) Born in 1818, Karl Marx, using his philosophical and socialist ideas, attempted to show how conflict and struggle in social development were important in the development of a society. The works of Marx were influenced by three distinct intellectual traditions: German idealist Read MoreMarx: The Economic Basis of Human Societies 1093 Words   |  5 Pagesagency of historical change† (Collins English Dictionary, 1994: 959). In this assignment the worldview of Karl Marx will be discovered and the crux of Marxism will be uncovered. Marx’s Life and Work Karl Marx was born in 1818 in Germany during an oppressive time. His Jewish father who; under the discriminatory laws had to convert to Christianity in order to become a lawyer. Although Karl Marx was raised as a Protestant he soon abandoned religion. He ventured on to the University of Berlin as aRead MoreHow Karl Marx Accounts for the Industrialization of Society Essay1304 Words   |  6 PagesHow Karl Marx Accounts for the Industrialization of Society Sociology has been classified as the last in a long line of emerging scientific disciplines which people have developed and explored in order to make sense of their world. Early theories such as the positivist approach of Comte, the functionalist views and the conflict perspectives of Karl Marx have offered a view of why human beings behave as they do and how they fit together in society. In the eighteenthRead MoreJean Comte, Emile Durkheim And Karl Marx Essay2122 Words   |  9 PagesOne would be justified in viewing Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx as giants in the field of sociology. Apart from influencing many great thinkers who came after them, these men have stirred revolutions (sometimes even from the grave) and remodelled the world itself. It is through the works of such men that sociology has crafted patterns of behaviour in society, hence their marking on history cannot be removed nor can their carving be easily surpassed. A complete discussion of their worksRead MoreKarl Marx s Theories Of History And The Theory Of Human Nature Essay1714 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx was a nineteenth century philosopher, born in Trier, Prussia (Germany) in 1818 to a middle class family and later died in 1883. Karl Marx’s philosophies on society, politics and economics is collectively understood as Marxism. He was a materialist and an atheist who had a profound impact on the world of intellectual thought. This paper will aim to discuss and determine with reference to Marx’s deterministic theory of history and the theory of human nature, if human beings are essentiallyRead MoreTheories of Karl Marx1427 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Karl Marx, also a philosopher was popularly known for his theories that best explained society, its social structure, as well as the social relationships. Karl Marx placed so much emphasis on the economic structure and how it influenced the rest of the social structure from a materialistic point of view. Human societies progress through a dialectic of class struggle, this means that the three aspects that make up the dialectic come into play, which are the thesis, antithesis and theRead MoreConflict Theory926 Words   |  4 Pagessocial, political or material inequality of a social group, that critique the broad socio-political system, or that otherwise detract from structural functionalism and ideological conservativism. Conflict theories draw attention to power differentials, such as class conflict, and generally contrast historically dominant ideologies. It is therefore a macro level analysis of society. Karl Marx is the father of the social conflict theory, which is a component of the 4 paradigms of sociology [1]. CertainRead MoreKarl Marx And The German Political System1427 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx was born on May 5th 1818 in Trier, Germany, which was then known as the Kingdom of Prussia. Karl was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His work in economics laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labor and it’s relation to capital, and subsequent economic thought. He was born into a wealthy upper middle-class family. He attended school at the University of Bonn and later he studied law and philosophy at the University of Berlin

The Rights Of Same Sex Marriages By John Baxter And Jeff...

Abandoned in a dumpster at five months old, little Freddie started out life on the streets. After being found and rescued by a garbage truck driver, Freddie was bounced around from foster home to foster home. By 1999, when he was four years old, he had been a part of twelve different families in three states. The future looked very bleak for Freddie until a young, ambitious couple came along. Nevertheless, although they were looking to adopt Freddie, the adoption agency told the couple that they had to be married. The problem was they could not get married. John Baxter and Jeff Forshay are at the forefront of a fight staged by gay and lesbian activists to get the government to permit same-sex marriages. Activists say this is just part of their hard-fought battle for public acceptance; the movement has gone on for at least twenty years. At the same time, remarkable transformations have changed the general makeup of the typical family in the United States: â€Å"[T]he traditional fami ly model, . . . in which the father is the only breadwinner for his wife and their biological children, comprised a majority of U.S. families in the 1950s. Today, however, almost three-quarters of families are classified as ‘nontraditional’† (â€Å"Same-Sex Marriage† 1-2). Many of today’s married couples both work and receive benefits not generally available to unmarried couples. Marriage, however, is not an option for people like John and Jeff. Although not currently permitted under the United States

Auditing Chapter Two Free Essays

(TCO 4) To succeed in an action against the auditor, the client must be able to show that: Student Answer: the auditor was fraudulent. the auditor was grossly negligent. there was a written contract. We will write a custom essay sample on Auditing Chapter Two or any similar topic only for you Order Now there is a close causal connection between the auditor’s behavior and the damages suffered by the client. Instructor Explanation: Page 121 Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: 2. Question : (TCO 4) The principal issue to be resolved in cases involving alleged negligence is usually: Student Answer: the amount of the damages suffered by plaintiff. whether to impose punitive damages on defendant. he level of care exercised by the CPA. whether defendant was involved in fraud. Instructor Explanation: Page 119 Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: 3. Question : (TCO 4) A third-party beneficiary is one which: Student Answer: has failed to establish legal standing before the court does not have privity of contract and is unknown to the contracting parties. does not have privity of contract, but is known to the contracting parties and intended to benefit under the contract. may establish legal standing before the court after a contract has been consummated. Instructor Explanation: Page 121 P oints Received: 2 of 2 Comments: 4. Question : (TCO 4) The objective of the ordinary audit of financial statements is the expression of an opinion on: Student Answer: the fairness of the financial statements. the accuracy of the financial statements. the accuracy of the annual report. the accuracy of the annual report. Instructor Explanation: Page 142 Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: 5. Question : (TCO 4) The responsibility for adopting sound accounting policies and maintaining adequate internal control rests with the: Student Answer: board of directors. company management. financial statement auditor. company’s internal audit department Instructor Explanation: Page 143 Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: 6. Question : (TCO 3) Which of the following statements is most correct regarding errors and fraud? Student Answer: An error is unintentional, whereas fraud is intentional. Frauds occur more often than errors in financial statements. Errors are always fraud and frauds are always errors. Auditors have more responsibility for finding fraud than errors. Instructor Explanation: Page 145 Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: 7. Question : (TCO 3) Which of the following is not one of the conditions for fraud described in SAS No. 99? Student Answer: Attitudes/rationalization. Opportunities. Incentives/pressures. Each of the above is a condition for fraud. Instructor Explanation: Page 337 Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: 8. Question : (TCO 3) Fraudulent financial reporting may be accomplished through the manipulation of: Student Answer: assets. liabilities. revenues. all of the above. Instructor Explanation: Page 336 Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: 9. Question : (TCO 3) Which of the following is a factor that relates to incentives to misappropriate assets? Student Answer: Significant accounting estimates involving subjective judgments. Significant personal financial obligations. Management’s practice of making overly aggressive forecasts. High turnover of accounting, internal audit and information technology staff. Instructor Explanation: Page 339 Points Received: 2 of 2 Comments: 10. Question : (TCO 3) Auditors may identify conclusions during fieldwork that change or support a judgment about the initial assessment of fraud risk. Which of the following conditions should alert an auditor about the initial assessment? Student Answer: Missing or conflicting evidence. Discrepancies in the accounting records. Unusual relationships between the auditor and management. All of the above. How to cite Auditing Chapter Two, Papers

Focus of Medicine and Health Care Tended

Question: Consider how the components of a healing hospital might influence your philosophy of caregiving? 1) describe the components of a healing hospital and their relationship to spirituality.? 2) What are the challenges of creating a healing environment in the light of the barriers and complexities of the hospital environment? 3) Include bibical aspects that support the concept of a healing hospital? Answer: 1. Healing Hospital and its Paradigm Introduction: In the past centuries the focus of medicine and health care tended to change to a more caring and service based theory to a more cure-oriented model and advanced technological model. The advanced technology has resulted in the development of new medicines which had an increase in the ability to prolong the life span of every individual. However, most of the physicians have attempted to balance their ways of care in a more spiritual way and recognize the modern times spirituality which is linked with health care. This compassionate and spiritual care involves serving an individual in terms of the social, spiritual, emotional and physical manners. Serving the patients in a spiritual way usually involves gestures like holding their hands, talking about things that are important to them and also spending time with them. This has a very big impact on the patients as they value these experiences with their physicians. Many of the researches and studies showed that the people who exercise r egular spiritual practices usually live longer. A healing environment in a health care organization helps to reduce stress and promote healing to the patients. It is also said that the way the hospitals have been designed according to their choice of very bland color schemes, small and cramped patient rooms, huge halls that echo contribute to the increase in stress of the patients. This not only hinders the ability of a patient to heal but also can affect the staffs productivity. Also because of the poor structure and designing of the hospital the staff and the nurses spend a lot of time in collecting the care products and spend time walking from one end to another. If these facilities were designed more effectively the staff will be able to save time and spend it more with the patients. 2. Challenges of creating a healing environment in a hospital: The physical environment of a hospital and its healthcare design is guided mainly guided by the researches to benefit the patients and the staff of the hospital. Many studies proved that how a good hospital design can make a positive impact on the clinical outcomes. There are many of factors that were considered like the use of eco-friendly furniture, the noise levels, type of lighting and good ventilation. Studies also proved that these improved hospital designs resulted in reduced patient stress and outcomes, increased the safety of the patients, reduced the stress and fatigue of the staff and also improved the overall quality of the healthcare. In many of the critical environments like the operation theatres and Intensive care units to create a healing environment it takes a lot of specialized methods and techniques so that they can meet the requirements of the patients and overcome all the barriers and obstacles. These facilities which are to be given to the sick patients could b e obstructed by factors like low technology, financial problems and inadequate infrastructure of the hospital. Hence it is useful sometimes to provide financial as well as technological support to the expertise in order to meet the necessary requirements. The environments of the hospital should also be a calm and quiet place but certain times the noise pollution surrounding it can very difficult to control as few hospitals are being constructed in the town areas where they experience noises produced by a lot of crowd of people, automobiles and chaos. It can also be seen that many different patients face a lot of difficult challenges of the society who are suffering from different serious ailments and diseases and this results in the need for an appeal by different individuals in various manners and thus complicates to create a healing environment. Therefore its very difficult to make a balance between the demands of certain cultures and the advancements of science faces many challen ges in creating a healing environment. It also requires the ability to differentiate between the comforts and habits needed by the patients from the several options that are available to them. Hence to provide all these standard requirements by the hospitals can also lead to complicate the creation of a healing environment. The hospital is a very safe and secured place for the patients as well as for the working staffs therefore to ensure this safety is a very difficult task and a big challenge to the hospital. To create a healing environment to meet the needs of the majority of the patients can also be very challenging in the areas of their completion and sustainability. It is also seen that many individuals who want to help in creating a healing environment are faced by many challenges like the critics and other opposite views of people who tend to get jealous of their growing projects and want to hinder their growth. 3. A Biblical perspective on healing: There are many Biblical themes that are related to the creation of a healing environment and health issues. For example it can be seen that in the bible the Law of Moses refers to many different management and diagnosis for all the infectious diseases. The people were the ones assigned as priests to diagnose the diseases and confirm healing to the patients. There were also many such laws which were related to the public health and hygiene issues which were very adverse in those times. In a verse in the Bible states that God told Moses that if we listen carefully to the voice of God to do what is right in his eyes and also pay attention to his commands then we would not face the trouble of any of the diseases as the Lord is the One who heals all. However this is believed to be partly because of the fact that by obeying these laws it helps the people to be healthy and also that God brings blessing to the patient who needs healing whereas disobedience brings only curses that includes al l the diseases that comes to the person. References Brady MJ, Peterman AH, Fitchett G, Mo M, Cella D A case for including spirituality in quality of life measurement in oncology Psychooncology.1999 Hendrich A, Fay J, Sorrells A. Effects of acuity-adaptable rooms on flow of patients and delivery of care. Am J Crit Care 2004 Kaldjian LC, Jekel JF, Friedland G. End-of-life decisions in HIV-positive patients: the role of spiritual beliefs.AIDS.1998 Marberry S. Improving Healthcare with Better Building Design Chicago, IL: Health Management Press; 2006. Parsons R, Hartig T. Environmental Psycholphysiology. In Handbook of Psychophysiology, 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2000 Samueli Institute Optimal Healing Environments Available at: www.siib.org/research/research-home/optimal-healing.html Accessed February 21, 2008.